PCAT vs. MCAT Similarities, Differences, Which Test Is Easier

If you’re considering a career in health care, which standardized exam should you take: the PCAT or the MCAT? The MCAT, or Medical College Admission Test, is in many ways the â€Å"gold standard† for admission to nearly all medical schools in Canada and the United States. The MCAT is written by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and tests students’ knowledge of topics like the biological and social sciences, along with analytical reasoning, reading comprehension, and problem-solving skills. The PCAT, or Pharmacy College Admission Test, is written by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP). It is specially designed for admission to pharmacy colleges, usually in Canada and the United States. This exam tests aptitude in many areas, such as critical reading and writing, biology, and quantitative skills. Choosing between the PCAT and the MCAT is a major decision. In this article, we’ll break down the major differences between the two exams, from content and format to length and difficulty, to help you decide.   The PCAT vs. MCAT: Major Differences   Here’s a high-level breakdown of the key differences between the MCAT and the PCAT in terms of purpose, format, scores, cost, and other basic information. MCAT PCAT Purpose Admission to medical schools in North America, Australia, and the Caribbean Islands Admission to pharmacy colleges in North America Format Computer-based test Computer-based test Length About 7 hours and 30 minutes About 3 hours and 25 minutes Cost About $310.00 About $199.00 Scores 118-132 for each of the 4 sections; total score 472-528 200-600 Test Dates Offered from January-September each year, usually around 25 times Usually offered in January, February, July, September, October, and November Sections Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems; Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems; Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior; Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills Writing; Biological Processes; Chemical Processes; Critical Reading; Quantitative Reasoning MCAT vs. PCAT: Content Differences   The PCAT and the MCAT are similar in terms of their overall test areas, including reading comprehension, biology, chemistry, and math. You’ll have to review many of the same subjects to do well on either exam, and you can’t use a calculator on either test.   However, there are a few key differences. The MCAT includes physics questions, which aren’t covered on the PCAT. Moreover, the MCAT’s biology questions are widely considered by students to be more advanced, more complex, and more in-depth overall. The new MCAT also includes sections on psychology, sociology, and human development and behavior.   Another major difference between the two exams is that the MCAT focuses more on passage-based questions. The PCAT relies on your background knowledge of certain subjects, whereas the MCAT will require you to read longer passages and use analytical and critical reasoning to answer questions based on those passages. If you have difficulty synthesizing and digesting large amounts of information quickly, the MCAT may be more of a challenge for you.   Finally, there are a few logistical differences between the PCAT and the MCAT. The MCAT takes much longer to complete on exam day than the PCAT, and students report that they don’t have to prepare for as many hours before taking the PCAT. You’ll receive an unofficial score report right after taking the PCAT, while you won’t receive your MCAT scores for about 30-35 days.   Which Test Should You Take? The MCAT is generally considered to be more difficult than the PCAT. The biology questions are more advanced, and there’s no physics on the PCAT. You’ll need to come into test day with more background knowledge to take the MCAT. The PCAT is also much shorter than the MCAT and less expensive. Overall, it’s likely a much easier and more convenient test. If you’re sure you’d like to attend a pharmacy college, the PCAT is probably a better choice.   The caveat, of course, is that the PCAT is highly specific. It’s only applicable for admission to pharmacy colleges. The MCAT is used for entry into a much wider variety of medical fields. If you aren’t sure if you’d like to attend a college of pharmacy and may want to pursue another area in the medical field in the future, you may not be able to use your PCAT scores for admission.

The No Child Left Behind Act - 1145 Words

A well-meaning act often failed to translate into real benefits for citizens. The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is an act of congress enforced by the United States government to improve primary and secondary education. NCLB required schools provides highly qualified teachers for students. NCLB also required the states administered set a proficiency standard, so-called Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP), which gradually increase the percentage of student that must meet the proficiency standard. The stats administrator also setup a standardize test for all the public schools students. The standardize tests measure students’ proficiency in mathematics and English reading. The purpose of NCLB is to improve individual performance in education and to close the achievement gap between each student. With the requirement to meet AYP, educator are responsible to make more effective instruction. The principle of NCLB is to help all children reach proficiency. Ideally, all the public school will be able to reach 100% student proficiency on mathematics and English reading in 2014. NCLB is theoretically a wonderful act for student. However, it has an unrealistic goal. It has many negative side effects which merely fail to match its promise for all students. NCLB has the great intention reform the education system. Schools are required to hire highly qualified teacher under the law of NCLB. This provide student with a quality education, and it make sure they receive the appropriateShow MoreRelatedNo Child Left Behind Act1621 Words   |  7 Pages The support for the No Child Left Behind Act plummeted down shortly after the act passed. Many people supported the act at first simply because they supported the goals of the act, once they saw the results, their opinions changed. One of the biggest arguments towards No Child Left Behind is that it is unfair. People believed the resources of difference schools were unequal, and thought the Title 1 funding that the schools received should go to ensuring all schools had equal resources. Many peopleRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1670 Words   |  7 Pages Literature Review: Every Student Succeeds Act Suzanne Hatton, BSW, LSW University of Kentucky-SW 630 Abstract This literature review seeks to explore the Every Student Succeeds Act (2015), a bipartisan reauthorization and revision to the No Child Left Behind Act (2002). The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is the first law passed in fourteen years to address Reneeded changes to the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Considered progressive and innovative at the time of itsRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act2120 Words   |  9 PagesWhen President George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) into law in 2002, the legislation had one goal-- to improve educational equity for all students in the United States by implementing standards for student achievement and school district and teacher performance. Before the No Child Left Behind Act, the program of study for most schools was developed and implemented by individual states and local communities’ school boards. Proponents of the NCLB believed that lax oversightRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act875 Words   |  4 Pa gesThe No Child Left Behind Act â€Å"NCLB† was a bill passed by the Senate in 2001 and signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002. It was a revision of the Elementary and Secondary Act â€Å"ESEA† of 1965 by President Lyndon Johnson. The NCLB was intended to help children in lower-income families achieve the same standard of education as children in higher income families. This was done by the federal government providing extra finances for Title I schools in exchange for a rise in academicRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1418 Words   |  6 Pagessystematic oppression. The flowing water of oppression floods poor schools; drowning students with dreams, and giving no mercy. The only ones safe from the water are the privileged, who are oblivious to the fact that it exists. George Bush s No Child Left Behind Act, which passed in 2002, mandated annual standardized testing in math and reading. If schools received insufficient scores, they were punished or shut down. This fueled the construed concept that a school is only doing well if the students haveRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagesuccessful at it. (Source 7) Next, the â€Å"No Child left behind Act† it was signed by President George W. Bush and it passed with bipartisan support on Jan. 8, 2002. This Act states that there will be mandated annual testing in the subject reading and math and science. In the grades 3-8 and 10th grade. It shows the Adequate Yearly Progress of each school in the system of the United States. (source 1) The biggest point of this Act is that no child is â€Å"trapped in a failing school† (source 1). That eachRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1988 Words   |  8 PagesJanuary 8, 2002, George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law (also known as the NCLB). The No Child Left Behind Act was the latest reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, a federal education bill addressing the nation’s schools. At his signing ceremony, Bush stated, â€Å"There’s no greater challenge than to make sure that every child—and all of us on this stage mea n every child, not just a few children—every single child, regardless of where they live, how they’reRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act was the biggest educational step taken by president Bush and his administration. Its main goal included the increase of achievement in education and completely eliminate the gap between different racial and ethnic groups. Its strategies had a major focus on uplifting test scores in schools, hiring â€Å"highly qualified teachers† and deliver choices in education. Unluckily, the excessive demands of the law have not succeeded in achieving the goals that were set, and have causedRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1747 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Behind Introduction The No Child Left Behind Act (NALB) was signed into law by the former President of the United States George Walker Bush on the 8th of January 2002. It was a congressional attempt to encourage student achievement through some reforms focused on elementary and secondary education programs in the United States. The NCLB requires that within a decade all students including those with disabilities to perform at a proficient level on their state academic evaluation testsRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1124 Words   |  5 PagesChristian J. Green Dr. Shoulders NCLB and ESSA 28 February 2016 The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was authorized by and signed into law in 2002. NCLB was a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965. NCLB was meant to hold schools to higher standards, enforce accountability, and close achievement gaps that had existed in education since ESEA was enacted. Nevertheless, the rigorous standards and goals set forth under NCLB were never attained. ESEA Flexibility could

Langston Hughes A Poet Supreme Essay Example For Students

Langston Hughes A Poet Supreme Essay Black poetry is poetry that (1) is grounded in the black experience; (2) utilizes black music as a structural or emulative model; and (3) consciously transforms the prevailing standards of poetry through and inconoclastic and innovative use of language. No poet better carries the mantle of model and innovator the Langston Hughes, the prolific Duke Ellington of black poetry. Hughess output alone is staggering. During his lifetime, he published over eight hundred poems. Moreover, he single-handedly defined blues poetry and is arguably the first major jazz poet. Early in his career he realized the importance of reading his poetry to receptive audiences. When Alain Locke arranged a poetry reading by Hughes before the Playwriters Circle in 1972 in Washington, a blues pianist accompanied him, bringing Hughes the artist and blues music one step closer together, even though Hughes felt that the piano player was too polished. He suggested to his Knopf editor that they ought to get a regular Lenox Avenue blues boy to accompany him at his reading in New York. In the fifties Hughes was a major voice in the movement of recording with jazz accompaniment. Although I have neither the space, inclination, or ability to give a close textual reading of Hughess poetry and although a large body of critical work already exists, I would like to focus on one piece by Hughes to evidence my case for his stature. That piece is the multipart, book-lenght poem Montage of a Dream Deferred (1951). In Montage, which Hughes described in a letter to Arna Bontemps as what you might call a precedent shattering opus-also could be known as a tour de force, Hughes addresses a number of critical problems facing black poetry: (1) how to affect a modern sensibility and at the same time maintain a grounding in the folk culture; (2) how to achieve the textual representation of the music, especially in terms of improvisation and variation of tone and timbre; and (3) how to use the vernacle without resorting to dialect. Hughes realized that is was impossible to do what he wanted to do in one piece, so he composed a series of short poems that play effect off eachother. Western literacy thought values the long form, the novel in particular, as a statement of intellectual acheivement and implicity devalues short forms. For this reason a collection of short stories rarely recieves equal critical attention as does a novel by the same author. In order to make the long form stand out, the author is expected to demonstrate complexity of plot and character developement. But these and related concerns are simply a culturally biased valuation of a specific set of literacy devices, often at the expense of other devices (many of which center on the sounding of poetry on the page). In a very important sence, modern American poetry was moving toward painting, that is, a composition of words placed on a page, and away from music, that is, an articulation of words that have been both sense (meaning) and sound (emotion). Hughes clearly close to emphasize black music, which increasingly meant dealing with improvisation. The improvisation is implied in that certain themes, rhymes and rhythmic patterns, and recurring images ebb and flow throughout Montage- here spelled out in detail, there hinted at, and in another instance turned on their head. The above-quoated letter indicated that Hughes was conscious of what he was doing, and it is this self-consciousness that marks this as a modern poem. Indeed, Montage is almost postmodern in its mosaic of voices and attitude contained in one piece. Just as jazz simultaneously stresses the collective and the individual, Hughes component poems are each individual statements, but they are also part of a larger unit(y). Significantly, Hughes as an individual is de-emphasized in the work, even as various individual members of the community speak and are spoken about. In other words, Hughes becomes a medium, a sensitive and subtle medium, but a medium nonetheless. In a seemingly simple form, Hughes serves as a sounding board for the articulation of people who are usually voiceless. The works modernity is the self-reflective nature of all the voiced speaking, and in speaking, coming to consciouness of themselves and their environment. Time and time again we hear voices self-consciously grappling with their Harlem realities, which include an international awareness of African American, West Indian, and African bonding. In the African American context modernity specifically refers to the post-Reconstruction, nothern-oriented urbanization of African American life. No presixties black poet was more complete in expressing the black urban viewpoint than Hughes. The ease with which Hughes voices the various personalities and points of view belies both complexity and progressiveness of his achievement. The Lottery A Setting Analysis EssayBut just as few pianists are able to play like Monk and no musicians have to able to match his compositional authority; similarity, emphasis on Eurocentric poetic devices notwithstanding few poets have been able to write from inside the black experience like Hughes, and no one has achieved as impressive a body of compositions, that is textual peoms. Lanston Hughes was absolutely clear about the focus of his work and the danger inherent in articulating the history and vision, the realities and aspirations, of the sufferers. An emphasis on dual responsibilites, social literacy, is in itself a particular feature of a black aesthetic. This is not new, or novel, but it does continue to be controversial precisely because it contextualizes art within the world as the world actually is , beset by dominant and dominating forces who enforce (sometimes under the rubric of free enterprise) all manners of economic exploitation. There is necessarily an opposition to commercialism inherent in the black aesthetic precisely because, from an African American perspective, the birth of the black experience, as archetypically illustrated by the Congo Suare experience, was simultaneously the site of both black art as ritual and black art as entertainment, with the entertainment undermining the rutual. Moreover, the birth of the African American was as a chattel slave, as a commercial product. If anyone is by birthright opposed to commericalism, it is certainly the African American. The advocacy of freedom and fighting against oppression and exploitation is not simply a question of content but also a question of the use of art. Langston Hughes was keenly aware of the dichotomy of content and aestetic and also of moral disaster of ignoring the reality and repercussions of such a dichotomy. Too many people in their literary criticism completely overlook social context and hence overlook as well the fact that the social thrust of peotry is intergral to its aestetics. Langston Hughes, as subtle as he was, and as innocuous as he may seem by todays standards, is exemplary of a poet grounded in the culture, consistent in his use of music as both inspiration and model, and innovative and iconoclastic in his use of English. Yes, it was and continues to be revolutionary to insist on transforming English into a tool of ritual within the black community and not just a lingua franca of commerce or individual self-expression. Finally, another aspect of Hughess abilites that is also overlooked or ignored is that he was multilingual and masterfully translated poetry, including seminal work of Nicholas Gullien and Federico Garcia Lorca. The importance of this observation is that this is another piece of irrefutable evidence that Hughess writing style was not reflective of the limitations of an undisciplined, unsophisticated, and provincial poet. Much of the criticism of Hughess poetry by textually influenced academicians would lead the reader to believe that Hughes was simply a hack writer who had some facility with musical imagery and styles. Such views who comfortably spoke three languages, translated literature from Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and elsewhere, and traveled incessantly, could be thought of as a relitively unsophisticated, even simple poet. In much the same way the Pulitzer judges refused to award their prize to Duke Ellington in 1965 because they did not think his work was serious enough, Hughes has been denied both the appropriate formal awards and informal kudos, as well as significant posthumous awards from the American literacy establishment. Perhaps there is no suprise here because the elevation of self-determined blackness, especially outside of sports and entertainment, is usually greeted by deafening silence from both critical as well as the popular authorities of the status quo. How else could it be? To achieve blackness is inherently a liberating act, and liberation is neccessarily disruptive of the status quo. From my personal perspective, I feel that not just African American poetry, but poetry in itself has deep internal impacts on people in general. Self expression, life experiences, and point-of-views are all expressed in Poetry. As a poet, I hope to make my mark and contribution to African Americans as Langston Hughes has done for me.

Change Very Fast and Covering All Aspects of the Modern Society

Question: How Do Change Very Fast and Covering All Aspects of the Modern Society? Answer: Introduction The ICT industry is evolving every day, and from some time, there have been different changes in the system which are evident. The technology change is very fast and covering all aspects of the modern society. The concept of ICT comes up with many elements that are normally very interdependent by nature, and there is some disruption as well where one can get impacted by many other factors as well. From last many years, many experts, as well as policymakers, are always expressing a lot of concern about saving the system from some cyber attacks. Here many experts are expected to raise the overall frequency, and it is also severe in actions in coming future as well (Van den Berg et al., 2014). The overall act is about saving the ICT systems, and the overall content has become popular and called for cyber security. A broad concept can be very helpful however it tends to defy the exact definition completely. It sometimes inappropriately gets thoroughly conflated with various other theorie s and concepts like sharing information or privacy or surveillance. But, the overall concept of cyber security can be a crucial technique which protects the privacy level and also saves many unauthorized issues and monitoring along with sharing of information. It can be based on gathering many crucial tools which impact the concept. When the management is at risk related to information system is also considered as basic to being an effective tool for cyber security. The overall risks are also related to any attack that depends on three important factors. These three factors are threats which can be a case of attack or vulnerabilities which are related to the weakness of the victim and lastly impacts which discuss the overall impacts of the attack. Many kinds of cyber attacks have restricted kind of impacts however a successful one cover some vital elements of critical infrastructure where many lead by privately owned business (Van den Berg et al., 2014). It can also lead to many imp ortant impacts on the national level security as well as the economy and the basic livelihood of people of the country. Literature review scope and objective Saving the critical kind of infrastructure functions have emerged as a major issue. This happens primarily due, so many money goes through a different set of the network each day, and it also involves a broad range of functions, based on e-commerce, travel, communication in general and hospitality. Distribution of electricity, water based distribution and many another kind of utility services are dependent on ICT-related infrastructure. The defense sectors also depend on electronic systems (Lam, 2016). There are many critical systems or infrastructure is mainly owned as well as functioned by the private sector. However, the important question here is that the private sector is only responsible for it and this can only mean that government has a much lesser kind of role and these are few of the crucial issues in cyber security that countries are dealing with. At a company level, the concept is merely based on technology problems, but it is also a management based problem. This is further grounded at management of risk which asks for a clearer understanding of people, process, network as well many ICT based security features (Lam, 2016). It is also normal that many organizations are actively involved in saving the infrastructure of ICT. This leads to including many privately owned operators for different pieces of the infrastructure. These types of efforts also require and it is important to be completely coordinated with integrated kind of entity, and it also serves as a united structure which is responsible for cyber security. A different set of roles, as well as responsibilities of every party, require to be defined in clear words and also the government requires to setup right kind of policy as well as legal structures. Countries like the US have further advocated for a market-based as well as voluntary kind of approach towards the industry and concept of cyber security becomes the part of National Strategy to save the Cyberspace (Elmaghraby and Losavio, 2014). However, this is work properly completely since the investment of security produced by the industry as per the needs of the corporate are not found to start with broader interest of the country. So the important question here is that how extra investment will be generated for the companies or will there be any case for incentives as a part of a number of incentives based program to fill the gap that exists between security-based investment. With this, there are additional forms that are required to save many critical infrastructure (Elmaghraby and Losavio, 2014). Some security-based surveys point out the need and it also reveal that there is lack of proper knowledge among many executive related to security-based policies and cases and the recent technological answer is based on leakage of data as well as financial level loss and the overall training that is required for the workforce. The overall cyberspace is also very low comparatively, and there are number legal concepts for many standards of care that are not present (Sadeghi et al., 2015). Comparative analysis As discussed, the overall risk related to any attack is primarily dependent on three crucial factors which are threats, vulnerabilities, and the impacts. The overall management of risk towards the information system is based on basic to impactful cyber security. Threats are related to people that actually or sometimes potentially commit cyber attacks, and such people are widely mentioned as falling into a single or sometimes more than five cases which can be criminal's related intent on many monetary advantages from different crimes like extortion or theft (Sadeghi et al., 2015). There are many spies as well where the intention is of stealing the valuable and confidential information used by the private sector and government. Many nation-state players are working to grow different capabilities and also undertake a different kind of cyber attacks right in support of the country's objectives. The concept of cyber security in many ways comes with a kind of race between defenders. The sy stems of ICT are also very complex by nature, and the attackers are continuously looking for some weakness which can happen at many points of time. There are also many defenders that can also be saved against any weaknesses, but three specifically are challenges which are inadvertent or sometimes intentional. These act by different insiders with right kind of access to the system along with supply chain vulnerabilities that can allow different kind of insertions of many bad software or hardware as per the process of acquisition and unknown previously on nil vulnerabilities with no set fix (Reddy and Reddy, 2014). Even in the case of many kinds of vulnerabilities where the solution are known, and this may not be executed in many kinds of cases since there are a number of operational as well as budget issues. The important question here is what can be the main issues where a successful kind of attack can also compromise the private information, integrity and the presence of the ICT sy stem and the data one can handle. The concepts of cyber theft or any espionage-related to attacks can bring departure of much financial, personal as well as proprietary information where an attacker can benefit the most, and it happens without the proper knowledge of the victim. There are many denials of service kind of an attack which is slow by nature and also saves many users from accessing on the system (Reddy and Reddy, 2014). Many cyber-based attacks usually have a restricted influence but either way, a successful kind of attack is the one where different elements of many critical infrastructures. Many such issues are held by the privately owned sector and can have significant impacts on nationally based security, the economy and the daily lives as well as safety of single citizen. This is why; there are very few successful attacks with high-level influence that can pose on the larger issues than a common kind of successful issues with low influence (Scully, 2014). It can be recognized that cyber-based attacks which can be a costly process for people and companies, an economic influence that can be challenging to calculate and also estimates of different influenced widely. Gaps indentified Following are some of challenges: - State-based espionage: the issue highlights the requirement to save critical issues from political and financial based threats. There is a number of critical kind of data that consist of information required to run the complete network related to infrastructure as well as the intellectual property utilized to manage the innovative solution and also manage the business (Scully, 2014). Distributed basis denial or DDoS: there are security professionals based on financial services based industry that might agree towards the second issue. These attacks are expected to foresee the higher risk of business influencing the threats with the move from computer-based attacks and also generating a huge number of low level of bandwidth related events. It also goes towards many virtual based servicers and creates many high events with extra bandwidth. This new kind of attacks become more advantageous to recognize and also mitigate the larger events while the whole traffic is in the parameter of network based clouds (Cherdantseva et al., 2016). Migration of cloud: the level of migration right into the virtual world id mainly shared with many changes of infrastructure and how companies deal with data security and management of the risks. The issue is that these cloud-based security process and related outcome are being developed from time to time. Finally, with the help of innovation and planning, cloud-based services can decrease the level of business risk by giving more level of flexibility, security, and resiliency (Cherdantseva et al., 2016). Management of password: the main challenge is based in different places and also forces many stronger user-friendly passwords that cannot be broken completely. The level of education and administrative issues needs many creative kinds of outcomes and also force different policies (endelj et al., 2014). Sabotage: the problem with this challenge of many computer networks can influence many critical infrastructures and finally also affect the backbone and corporate level networks. The overall challenge is sometimes perverse completely since it gets with social engineering with many software-based techniques to give a more complex attack (endelj et al., 2014). Botnets: This issue can find at any place, and the main issues are that many owners design the systems that are very adaptive by nature and redundant by nature for many governments as well as corporate based networks (Reddy, 2015). Threats from inside: an employee who is not happy with the work or the organization can be a vector for the many security-based events. On the one hand, there are so many inadvertent injections related to malware with the help of many removable media or web-based interconnections that can make any workforce (Reddy, 2015). The level of mobility: security, as well as management of mobile based networks, consists of smart mobile devices that become an even bigger issue when the workforce wants to utilize their personal devices for many purposes. Conclusion The concept of cyberspace is primarily based on many diverse IT networks along with many computer resources and every fixed as well as the mobile based device which is associated with the international internet. A cyberspace of a country is a part of the international space, and one cannot completely get isolated with what is defined as many boundaries since the concept is entirely borderless (Cavelty and Mauer, 2016). This is why the concept of cyberspace is unique by nature and unlines another physical world which is restricted by geography from land to sea to other natural sources. However, the issue of cyber attacks is becoming a constant problem, and the countries are now investing heavily in ICT infrastructure with an opinion to provide a higher amount of time to integrate various national economies with the international marketplace and also make sure that the people can access more e-services. The above-discussed security issues are increasing, and the main aim is to the inve stment and the safety of cyberinfrastructure. Reference Cavelty, M.D. and Mauer, V., 2016.Power and security in the information age: Investigating the role of the state in cyberspace. Routledge. Cherdantseva, Y., Burnap, P., Blyth, A., Eden, P., Jones, K., Soulsby, H. and Stoddart, K., 2016. A review of cyber security risk assessment methods for SCADA systems.computers security,56, pp.1-27. Elmaghraby, A.S. and Losavio, M.M., 2014. Cyber security challenges in Smart Cities: Safety, security and privacy.Journal of advanced research,5(4), pp.491-497. Lam, J., 2016, June. IIET: Cyber security in modern power systems-Protecting large and complex networks. InCyber Security in Modern Power Systems, IET(pp. 1-12). IET. Reddy, G.N. and Reddy, G.J., 2014. A Study of Cyber Security Challenges and its emerging trends on latest technologies.arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.1842. Reddy, Y.B., 2015, April. Security and design challenges in cyber-physical systems. InInformation Technology-New Generations (ITNG), 2015 12th International Conference on(pp. 200-205). IEEE. Sadeghi, A.R., Wachsmann, C. and Waidner, M., 2015, June. Security and privacy challenges in industrial internet of things. InDesign Automation Conference (DAC), 2015 52nd ACM/EDAC/IEEE(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Scully, T., 2014. The cyber security threat stops in the boardroom.Journal of business continuity emergency planning,7(2), pp.138-148. endelj, R., Lombardi, F., Ognjanovi?, I. and Guarino, S., 2014. Cyber Security in Montenegro: Practice, Framework and Challenges. Van den Berg, J., van Zoggel, J., Snels, M., van Leeuwen, M., Boeke, S., van de Koppen, L., van der Lubbe, J., van den Berg, B. and de Bos, T., 2014. On (the Emergence of) Cyber Security Science and its Challenges for Cyber Security Education. InProceedings of the NATO IST-122 Cyber Security Science and Engineering Symposium(pp. 13-14).

Partners HealthCare free essay sample

Create a table that lists the benefits to the patient and to the hospital of an enterprise system for patient medical information and for patient prescriptions and related medical therapies. Benefits for:PatientHospital Patient Medical InformationIf patient’s medical information is in the system and accessible by any PHS personnel, the patient doesn’t have to give the doctors their medical information every time the go to the hospital. The doctor can simply pull up their profile and find out all the info they need to know. We will write a custom essay sample on Partners HealthCare or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It reduces redundancy and increases ease and efficiency. Speeds things up! The fact that the hospital doesn’t have to gather patient info at each time of their visit will make the process go faster and may even result in the hospital being able to see more patients as a result. Also, doctors can get a good understanding of the patient by looking at their profile and finding out all they need to know. Patient is better taken care of and at a faster rate – reduces delays in service delivery. Allows all records to be electronic – not only reduces space from paper files but makes it easy for all employees of the hospital the ability to access the info as needed. Improved quality in patient care (reduces mistakes from doctors). Gives PHS management the ability to data mine. They can look at the data and see how to move forward. The new systems, while hard to get used to at first will benefit the entire population and give the management innovative ways to look in the future. Accurate, timely, and comprehensive information sharing among PHS personnel. Consolidates and collects all the info about a patient over time, including textual info like x-rays. Reduce delays in service delivery, mistakes in treating the patient, and overall health care costs. Patient Prescriptions and Related Medical Therapies Patient wins out too because they are better taken care of as a result of doctors learning from one another through this enterprise system. By having a firm wide system, knowledge can be spread across the network about the best practices from the observable outcomes of recommended medical therapies. Lower cost! Medical practitioners can now make the best recommendations at the lowest cost. Can constantly improve and reform existing therapies from lessons learned Decision support processes that support the medical practitioner in making the best recommendations for drugs and other therapies to patient at lowest possible cost. 2. List the challenges faced by Partners in implementing an enterprise-wide electronic medical records system. †¢Cost – could be very expensive to implement; also additional costs as part of the TCO and extensive upgrades †¢Time! Can take a lot of time to build and implement †¢Data migration – potential data loss from moving paper to electronic form †¢Need for a new backend system to support all electronic data; also, Partners might be required to keep copies of patient’s medical data for 15+ years †¢Ensuring privacy – making sure that only those that need access to the documents gets access to the documents †¢Non-integrated – this could be a problem if the systems do not work with each other or with their clients’ systems †¢Change in workflow for physician– the new EMR requires documenting a lot more information. Not only does the physician have to keep up with this increase in data, but they also have to do it on a new system. This could definitely slow down the physician at first. †¢Disruptive – can change the attitude of the workplace; new technology that will be hard to use at first. Can also affect the culture. †¢Rollout The issue of when rather than if to do it. Is Partners ready for such a system? †¢Complexity of the system – most likely very difficult to change once implemented †¢When a system is improved, there also has to be oversight that the processes are aligned to match the system †¢Training – personnel need adequate training, but this can also be expensive 3. What are the operational IT/MIS challenges and benefits posed by the systems now in place? a. For PHS management? †¢PROS: Gives PHS management the ability to data mine to look for innovative solutions; easy/constant access to patient information; all the data is now in one place; can use the large database of client information to discover trends, patterns, etc. †¢CONS: Have to learn new systems might be harder for management who have been accustomed to older systems to learn the new ones; with the ease of access to all this confidential information, management needs to make sure there are safeguards in place to ensure that privacy is always upheld; collecting quality data could be a problem b. For PHS health care practitioners? †¢PROS: Eliminates the risk that comes with inputting paper copies of records into an electronic system by inputting the information directly into the system at the time of talking with the patient, it means that the information given is correct. †¢CONS: Change in their work physicians now have to document a lot more information than they have in the past, and perhaps this is the first time they’re responsible for documenting the work themselves; all the data collection could potentially slow them down – maybe they can get the patients to fill out some information on their own c. For health care practitioners and allied agencies who must interact with PHS? †¢PROS: Easier to do everything, really. Also opportunities to improve documentation; ease of information access; can get access to some of the most advanced hospital systems in the world; can collaborate with the hospital to improve practices and try to find ways to lower costs †¢CONS: In order for the processes to work, those interacting with PHS must be able to align with their systems. So for example, if allied agencies are currently using a different system that is not compatible with PHS’s new one, then they either have to change their systems altogether or they won’t be able do business with PHS anymore. Also, they might have to sometimes operate using both paper and electronic processes when dealing with their practices and hospitals. Going off that, will also have to learn two different EMR system – one in their own practice as well as the hospitals. d. For the PHS IS organization? †¢PROS: While the IS bears most of the work, they will also ream a lot of the benefits as well. These new systems will make life more efficient at PHS and will eliminate almost all paper documents. It also increases organization, accessibility, and accuracy of the information. †¢CONS: Most of the work of implementing this new system falls into the lap of the IS department. They are the ones that have to handle all the electronic data entry, ensuring all the information is reliable, accurate, and timely, and also ensuring privacy and confidentiality with the patient’s records. It’s not an easy process. They also have to train the PHS staff on how to use the systems and act as help-desk personnel whenever a PHS staff member does not know how to use the new system. So, basically the IS team has to deal with the connection, integration, and collaboration with the new systems. 4. What are the TCO implications of the overall LMR/CPOE investment? As noted in the case, the TCO for the LMR/CPOE investment is quite extensive. It requires a high level of data quality including constant data validation and collection. While it seems like Partners had to put in a lot more money even after their original investment, it is undoubtedly necessary to ensure the success of the systems. As noted in the case, these major systems need love and care even after they’re implemented. Each few years, Partners goes through re-documentation, clean-up, and ongoing maintenance. These clean-ups allow Partners to keep up with best practices across the network. So – TCO can be a lot, but maintaining the on-going costs by upgrading/cleaning up the systems when necessary will make the LMR/CPOE investment last a lot longer (even though it could hurt their ROI).

Hello World CGI Script in Perl

Hello World CGI Script in Perl A CGI script can be as simple or complex as you need it to be. It could be in Perl, Java, Python or any programming language. At its core, a CGI application simply takes a request via HTTP (typically a web browser) and returns HTML. Lets look at a simple Perl  Hello World CGI script and break it down into its simplest forms. Hello World CGI Perl Script #!/usr/bin/perl print Content-type: text/html\n\n; print HTML; html head titleA Simple Perl CGI/title /head body h1A Simple Perl CGI/h1 pHello World/p /body HTML exit; If you run the program on the command line, youll see that it does exactly what youd expect. First, it prints the Content-type line, then it prints the raw HTML. In order to see it in action in a web browser, youll need to copy or upload the script to your web server and make sure the permissions are set correctly (chmod 755 on *nix systems). Once youve set it correctly, you should be able to browse to it and see the page displayed live on your server. The key line is the first print statement: print Content-type: text/html\n\n; This tells the browser that the document coming after the two newlines is going to be HTML. You must send a header so the browser knows what type of document is coming next, and you must include a blank line between the header and the actual document. Once the header is sent, its just a matter of sending the HTML document itself. In the above example, were using a here-doc to simplify printing a large chunk of plain text. Of course, this is really no different than having a plain HTML document sitting on your server. The real power of using a programming language like Perl to create your HTML comes when you add in some fancy Perl programming. Adding on to the Basic Script In the next example, lets take part of this  time and date script and add it to your web page. #!/usr/bin/perl months qw(Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec); weekDays qw(Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun); ($second, $minute, $hour, $dayOfMonth, $month, $yearOffset, $dayOfWeek, $dayOfYear, $daylightSavings) localtime(); $year 1900 $yearOffset; $theTime $weekDays[$dayOfWeek] $months[$month] $dayOfMonth, $year; print Content-type: text/html\n\n; print HTML; html head titleA Simple Perl CGI/title /head body h1A Simple Perl CGI/h1 p$theTime/p /body HTML exit; This new CGI script will insert the current date into the page each time the script is called. In other words, it becomes a dynamic document that changes as the date changes, rather than a static document.

Alternatives to Incarceration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Alternatives to Incarceration - Essay Example ama’s administration demanded about $10.7 billion in the support of programs for substance abuse and the increase of control and prevention programs. This came in the way of an increase of 1 percent for treatment and increase of 15 percent for prevention. This increase however, resulted in arguments and debates based on different assumptions regarding substance abuse programs (www.hsdl.org). One of the major complaints of many who are researching substance abuse is the fact that governments spend a much greater amount of money on enforcement, but not nearly enough on prevention and treatment options that should theoretically be much more effective at stopping drug problems. "Half the world to arrest" is a myth that is associated within this type of control policy on drugs, thereby filling the prisons with petty offenders who violate the laws established regarding drugs. The Presidents request in its budget against drugs for 2011 is to invest a large portion on the treatment and prevention of substance abuse, including new funds to support the Presidents commitment to increase the spending on treatment. This new budget divides 55 percent of the allocated funds between law enforcement, programs for international intelligence activities relating to drugs, and prohibition activities. This program, however, could fail to provide necessary funds for law enforcement officers w ho need to protect communities from drug users. While this legislation may be excellent at preventing the government from causing undue harm to its citizens by imprisoning them, it ignores the idea that enforcement is a necessary part of combating drug problems, to keep communities safe. These advocates ultimately believe that, the costs for substance abuse treatment and programs overwhelmingly affect spouses, parents, society and the taxpayer (Miller, 2004). Since private and public insurers do not cover drug treatment programs, governments must fill gaps in coverage. Changes make it so that